Implementation Methods

• Compilation

Programs are translated into machine language; includes JIT systems

Use: Large commercial applications

• Pure Interpretation

Programs are interpreted by another program known as an interpreter

Use: Small programs or when efficiency is not an issue

• Hybrid Implementation Systems

A compromise between compilers and pure interpreters

Use: Small and medium systems when efficiency is not the first concern

Influences on Language Design

• Computer Architecture

Languages are developed around the prevalent computer architecture, known as the von Neumann architecture

• Program Design Methodologies

New software development methodologies (object-oriented software development) led to new programming paradigms and by extension, new programming languages

Language Categories

• Imperative
• Functional
• Logic
• Markup/programming hybrid

Language Evaluation Criteria

• Readability: the ease with which programs can be read and understood
• Writability: the ease with which a language can be used to create programs
• Reliability: conformance to specifications (i.e., performs to its specifications)
• Cost: the ultimate total cost

Programming Domains

• Scientific applications
• Business applications
• Artificial intelligence
• Systems programming
• Web Software

Reasons for Studying Concepts of Programming Languages

• Increased ability to express ideas
• Improved background for choosing appropriate languages
• Increased ability to learn new languages
• Better understanding of significance of implementation
• Better use of languages that are already known
• Overall advancement of computing